Print Resources
While not exhaustive, this lightly annotated bibliography serves as an excellent initial resource for exploring Black history in the Windsor-Essex and Chatham-Kent region. Some sources listed are freely available online while others can be only be accessed in person through the University of Windsor’s Leddy Library and its Archives and Special Collections, the Windsor Public Library and its Local History Branch, or the Windsor Community Archives.
Resources on Windsor
The most exhaustive examination of Windsor’s Black community, Our Own Two Hands, was penned by local writer and historian Irene Moore Davis. Additionally, the work of Charlotte Bronte Perry’s community focused monograph, The Long Road, meticulously preserved the rich history and cultural heritage of Windsor’s historic downtown neighbourhood. For more on the McDougall Street Corridor and Windsor’s historic Black neighbourhood, see We Were Here: Documenting Windsor's McDougall Street Corridor.
- Davis, Irene Moore. Our Own Two Hands: A History of Black Lives in Windsor. Windsor: Biblioasis, 2019.
- Perry, Charlotte Bronte. The Long Road: The History of the Coloured Canadian in Windsor, Ontario, 1867-1967. Windsor: Sumner Printing & Publishing Co. Ltd., 1967.
While the literature concerning the history of Black Windsorites remains somewhat constrained, there exist noteworthy sources that offer valuable insights into the presence and experiences of Black Canadians in Windsor, particularly spanning from the late nineteenth century well into the twentieth century. These sources, albeit limited in scope, afford glimpses into the multifaceted dimensions of Black life in Windsor, encompassing social, economic, and cultural facets.
- Brode, Patrick. The River and the Land: History of Windsor, Ontario to 1900. Windsor: Biblioasis, 2014.
- Colling, Herb. Turning Points the Detroit Riot of 1967: A Canadian Perspective. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2003.
- Frost, Karolyn Smardz and Veta Smith Tucker, eds. A Fluid Frontier: Slavery, Resistance, and the Underground Railroad in the Detroit River Borderland. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2016.
- Hill, Daniel G. The Freedom Seekers: Blacks in Early Canada. Agincourt: Book Society of Canada, 1981.
- Morrison, Neil F. Garden Gateway to Canada: One Hundred Years of Windsor and Essex County, 1854-1954. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1954.
- Pearson, Craig, Sharon Hanna, and Dan Wells. From the Vault: A Photo History of Windsor to 1950. Windsor: Biblioasis, 2014.
- Pearson, Craig, Sharon Hanna, and Dan Wells. From the Vault, Volume II: 1950-1980. Windsor: Biblioasis, 2017.
Further sources on the history of Black Windsorites have emerged from within the community itself. These firsthand accounts serve as invaluable records, documenting personal experiences and family histories that resonate deeply within the McDougall Street Corridor and beyond. These community-driven narratives provide unique insights into the lived experiences, resilience, and cultural heritage of Black individuals and families in Windsor.
- McCurdy, Howard, and George Elliot Clarke. Black Activist, Black Scientist, Black Icon: The Autobiography of Dr. Howard D. McCurdy. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing, 2023.
- Northstar Cultural Community Centre. McDougall Street Memories: A Colourful History. Windsor: Northstar Cultural Community Centre, 2007.
- Northstar Cultural Community Centre. End of the Journey: A Brief History of Windsor’s African Canadian Community. Windsor: Northstar Cultural Community Centre, 2007.
- Perry, Charlotte Bronte. One Man’s Journey: Roy Prince Edward Perry, 1905-1972. Windsor: Sumner Press, 1982.
- Talbert, Clayton. Black’s Perception of Racism in Windsor. Windsor: Windsor Black Coalition, 1986.
- Talbot, Lyle. Memoir of a Black Canadian Activist. London: Self-published, 2013.
- Talbot, Carol. Growing Up Black in Canada. Toronto: Williams-Wallace Publishers, 1984
Essex County & Southwestern Ontario
Contrasting the relatively sparse literature on Black history in Windsor, there has been a greater production of literature and works exploring the settlement and experiences of Black Canadians across Essex County and Southwestern Ontario. While specific towns will be further explored in this bibliography, the list provided below serves as a valuable resource for understanding the broader evolution of Black life in Southwestern Ontario, as well as the pivotal moments in Black Canadian history within the province. Sources cover areas including Amherstburg, Dresden, Maidstone, and Sandwich. For more information on Black history in Sandwich, please see Across the River to Freedom: Early Black History in Sandwich, Ontario and The North was Our Canaan: Exploring Sandwich Town's Underground Railroad History.
- Carlesimo, Peter. “The Refugee Home Society: Its Origin, Operation, and Results, 1851-1876.” Master’s thesis, University of Windsor, 1973.
- Clarke, John. The Ordinary People of Essex: Environment, Culture, and Economy on the Frontier of Upper Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2010.
- Harding-Davis, Elise. The Colours of Essex County: Historic African Canadian Cemeteries. Windsor: Herald Press Ltd.
- Jenson, Carole. “History of the Negro Community in Essex County, 1850-1860.” Master’s thesis, University of Windsor, 1966
- Johnson, Michele A., and Funké Aladejebi, eds. Unsettling the Great White North: Black Canadian History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2022.
- Landon, Fred. Ontario’s African-Canadian Heritage: Collected Writings by Fred Landon, 1918-1967. Toronto: Natural Heritage Books, 2009.
- Riendeau, Roger. An Enduring Heritage: Black Contributions to Early Ontario. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1984.
- Shadd, Ruth Ann. Breaking Loose: A History of African-Canadian Dance in Southwestern Ontario, 1900-1955. Windsor: Preney Print & Litho Inc., 1995.
- Simpson, Donald George, and Paul E. Lovejoy. Under the North Star: Black Communities in Upper Canada before Confederation, 1867. Trenton: Africa World Press, 2005.
- Smardz Frost, Karolyn, and Veta Smith Tucker, eds. A Fluid Frontier: Slavery, Resistance, and the Underground Railroad in the Detroit River Borderland. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2016.
- Winks, Robin W. The Blacks in Canada: A History. Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1997.
New Canaan & Colchester
New Canaan and Colchester stand as significant landmarks for freedom seekers throughout the nineteenth century. Understanding these locales is essential for gaining insights into the struggles and triumphs of Black Canadians in the early years of freedom and settlement. The sources provided below range from the early settlement period to the era of civil rights and education equality.
- Aladejebi, Funké. “‘I Didn’t Want to Be Anything Special. I Just Wanted to Teach School’: A Case Study of Black Female Educators in Colchester, Ontario, 1960.” Southern Journal of Canadian Studies 5, no. 1 (2012).
- Johnson, Edward Milo. The Mystery of New Canaan: An Early Black Settlement of Colchester Township. Windsor: Print Works, 2019.
- Johnson, Edward Milo. New Canaan: Freedom-Land. Windsor: Print Works, 2017.
Chatham-Kent
Chatham-Kent, another town known for its historical significance in the quest for freedom, remains a focal point in Black Ontario history. Of particular note is the celebrated legacy of the Chatham Coloured All-Stars baseball team, and Black sporting history in the region. The sources provided below offer comprehensive insights into the rich tapestry of Black sporting history, as well as broader narratives encompassing the diverse experiences and contributions of Black Canadians in Chatham-Kent. For more on Black Sporting History in Chatham, please see Breaking the Colour Barrier: Wilfred "Boomer" Harding & the Chatham Coloured All-Stars
- Farrell, John Kevin Anthony. “The History of the Negro Community in Chatham, Ontario, 1787-1865.” PhD thesis, University of Ottawa, 1955.
- Jacobs, Heidi L. M., 1934: The Chatham Coloured All-Stars’ Barrier-Breaking Year. Windsor: Biblioasis, 2023.
- McCorkindale, Deirdre. "What Colour is Intelligence?: Kent County and the Tanser Study.” PhD thesis, Queen's University.
- Poole, Carmen. “Conspicuous Peripheries: Black Identity, Memory, and Community in Chatham, ON, 1860-1980.” PhD thesis, University of Toronto, 2015.
- Reid-Maroney, Nina, Handel K. Wright, and Boulou Ébanda de B’béri, eds. The Promised Land: History and Historiography of the Black Experience in Chatham-Kent’s Settlements and Beyond. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014.
- Wright, Miriam. Sporting Justice: The Chatham Coloured All-Stars and Black Baseball in Southwestern Ontario, 1915-1958. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2023.
Buxton
Not far from Chatham lies the town of Buxton, another significant locale for Black settlement in the province. Buxton was home to the Elgin Settlement, which was established in the mid-nineteenth century by abolitionists. Formerly one of the region’s largest Black settlements, the sources provided here delve into the town's founding, growth, and enduring historical significance.
- Bonner, Claudine Yvette. “This Tract of Land: North Buxton, Ontario, 1873-1914.” PhD thesis, Western University, 2010.
- Hepburn, Sharon A. Roger. Crossing the Border: A Free Black Community in Canada. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007.
- Neely, Patricia Lorraine. The Houses of Buxton: A Legacy of African Influences in Architecture. Windsor: P Designs Publishing, 2003.
- Robbins, Arlie C. Legacy to Buxton. North Buxton: Self-published, 1983.
- Walton, Jonathan William. “Blacks in Buxton and Chatham, Ontario, 1830-1890: Did the 49th Parallel Make a Difference?” PhD thesis, Princeton University, 1979.
Slavery, Resistance, & Emancipation
The legacy of the Underground Railroad is a topic that has received much coverage in Canada in recent years. For a wide range of related sources, the list below covers topics from enslavement to the celebration of emancipation. Benjamin Drew’s documentation of freedom seekers residing in Canada is significant in its capturing of the stories of the formerly enslaved. Similarly, Karolyn Smardz Frost provides an in-depth examination of the Blackburns, a fugitive slave couple, and their harrowing journey from enslavement to freedom in Canada. In commemorating the abolition of slavery, the works of Natasha Henry and Victoria Campbell focus on the history of emancipation day celebrations and the significance of this holiday for communities across Southwestern Ontario.
- Campbell, Victoria. “Emancipation Day in Windsor, Ontario: Celebration and Contestation of ‘The Greatest Freedom Show on Earth,’ 1931-1993.’” Master’s thesis, Carleton University, 2011.
- Drew, Benjamin. The Refugee: The Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2008.
- Farrell, John Kevin Anthony. From Slavery to Freedom: An Essay in Progress. Information Booklet. Windsor: s.n., 1965.
- Henry, Natasha L. Emancipation Day: Celebrating Freedom in Canada. Toronto: Natural Heritage Books, 2010.
- Mathieu, Sarah-Jane. North of the Color Line: Migration and Black Resistance in Canada, 1870-1055. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
- McFarquhar, Colin. “Black Abolitionists in Canada West to 1860.” Master’s thesis, University of Windsor, 1990.
- Mosher, Clayton James. Discrimination and Denial: Systemic Racism in Ontario’s Legal and Criminal Justice Systems, 1892-1961. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.
- Smardz Frost, Karolyn. I’ve Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad. Toronto: Thomas Allen, 2007.
- Walker, Barrington. Race on Trial: Black Defendants in Ontario’s Criminal Courts, 1858-1958. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010
- Walls, Winston, and Bryan E. Walls. A Unit of Study on the Road That Led to Somewhere and the Underground Railroad. Windsor: Educational Enterprises, 1991.
Women
Black women have been instrumental in shaping and sustaining Black settlements and communities across the province. The listed works illuminate the leadership and enduring legacy of these remarkable women across different communities in Southwestern Ontario and throughout various historical periods. Notably, Rosemary Sadlier and Jane Rhodes offer focused insights into the life and contributions of Mary Ann Shadd Cary. As the first female publisher in Canada and North America's first Black woman publisher, Cary's pioneering spirit is exemplified through her establishment of the Provincial Freeman newspaper, initially launched in Windsor, Ontario.
- Brand, Dionne, and Lois De Shield. No Burden to Carry: Narratives of Black Working Women in Ontario, 1920s-1950s. Toronto: Women’s Press, 1991.
- Bristow, Peggy. “We’re Rooted Here and They Can’t Pull Us Up”: Essays in African Canadian Women’s History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.
- Reid-Maroney, Nina, Wanda Thomas Bernard, and Boulou Ébanda de B’béri, eds. Women in the “Promised Land”: Essays in African Canadian History. Toronto: Women’s Press, 2018.
- Rhodes, Jane. Mary Ann Shadd Cary: The Black Press and Protest in the Nineteenth Century. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.
- Sadlier, Rosemary. Mary Ann Shadd: Publisher, Editor, Teacher, Lawyer, Suffragette. Toronto: Umbrella Press, 1995.
Social Organizations & Religion
Religious institutions and social clubs were among the initial building blocks of community within Black settlements. These works offer valuable insights into the evolution of the Black Church in Ontario, alongside the importance of social organisations and clubs like the Prince Hall Freemasons, women’s clubs, and civil rights groups in fostering the growth and autonomy of Black settlements in the province.
- Bridgen, Lorene. “On Their Own Terms: Temperance in Southwestern Ontario’s Black Community, 1830-1860.” Master’s thesis, University of Windsor, 2008.
- Bristow, Peggy. “A Duty to the Past, a Promise to the Future: Black Organizing in Windsor - The Depression, World War II, and the Post-War Years.” New Dawn 2, no. 1 (2007): 15-59.
- McIntyre, Paul. Black Pentecostal Music in Windsor. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1976.
- Robbins, Arlie C. Prince Hall Masonry in Ontario, 1852-1933. Self-published, 1980.
- Shreve, Dorothy Shadd. The Africanadian Church: A Stabilizer. Jordan Station: Paideia Press, 1983.
Select Rare or Specialized Books at Leddy Library’s Archives & Special Collections
Some of the following works are available in modern reprints, but the original versions are beautiful examples of the nineteenth-century bookmaker’s art, featuring embossed covers and detailed illustrations. Others come from small presses and can be difficult to find. All can be viewed in-person at Leddy Library, in the Archives & Special Collections Reading Room. Additional relevant works in Leddy ASC can be found by searching the library’s online catalogue.
- Bibb, Henry. Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb: An American Slave. New York: self-published,1850.
- Drew, Benjamin. A North-side View of Slavery: The Refugee. Boston: J.P. Jewett, 1856.
- Haviland, Laura S. A Woman’s Life Work: Including Thirty Years’ Service on the Underground Railroad and in the War. Chicago: S.B. Shaw, 1902.
- Landon, Fred. Abolitionist Interest in Upper Canada. S.I.: Ontario Historical Society, 1952.
- McIntyre, Paul. Black Pentecostal Music in Windsor. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1976.
- Oliver, W.P. The Canadian Negro and the Underground Railroad. S.I.: CBC Foreign Service, 1964.
- Prince, Bryan. A Shadow on the Household: One Enslaved Family’s Incredible Struggle for Freedom. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2009.
- Shreve, Dorothy Shadd. Africanadian Church: A Stabilizer. Jordan Station, Ontario: Paideia Press, 1983.
- Stevenson, Adlai E. A Century of Struggle: Emancipation Proclamation, 1863-1963. Madison, Wisconsin: s.n., 1962.
- Viger, Jacques, and Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine. De l’esclavage en Canada. Montreal: Duvernay, 1859.
Historic Newspapers and Magazines
- The Dawn of Tomorrow (1920s-1970s)
- A long-running London, Ontario-based newspaper published by the Canadian League for Advancement of Colored People, featuring local and international news of interest to Black readers. Some early issues held at Western University Libraries are digitized and available through CRKN’s Canadiana website.
- Progress magazine (? – at least 1967)
- Calling itself “the Oldest Negro Publication in Canada,” surviving copies of this magazine show that it also served as the official programme for the annual Emancipation Celebration in Windsor. Digitized versions of the annual programme issue are available on SWODA. Hard copies of the Emancipation Celebration issues are available in the E. Andrea Moore collection at the University of Windsor’s Leddy Library Archives & Special Collections.
- Provincial Freeman (ca. 1853-1860)
- A weekly newspaper devoted to "anti-slavery, temperance, and general literature,” the Provincial Freeman was published out of Windsor, Toronto, and Chatham, by Mary Ann Shadd. A few issues have survived and are digitized and available through CRKN’s Canadiana website. Penn Libraries has made colour images of The Provincial Freeman available. This newspaper is available on microfilm at the University of Windsor and elsewhere.
- The True Royalist, and Weekly Intelligencer (ca. 1860-1861)
- A weekly newspaper of the Black community, published in Windsor. Only fragments have survived, available on microfilm at the University of Windsor or digitized on SWODA.
- The Voice of the Fugitive (ca. 1851-1853)
- A bi-weekly newspaper founded by Henry and Mary Bibb, in Sandwich, Canada West, aimed at an audience of Freedom Seekers. Available on microfilm at the University of Windsor’s Leddy Library and elsewhere; scanned issues available through Our Digital World (INK).